HEALTH EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION
Objectives: You students will be capable
- To differentiate between health education and health promotion
- To understand the role of health promotion in disease prevention
Health Education: Definition
“Health education is the process by which individuals and group of people learn to “:
- Promote
- Maintain
- Restore health.
“Education for health begins with people as they are, with whatever interests they may have in improving their living conditions”.
A process that informs, motivates, and helps people to adopt and maintain healthy practices and life styles.
Health education or Health Promotion?
Health education is defined as:
“Any combination of learning experiences designed to facilitate voluntary adaptation of behavior conducive to health”.
- All possible channels of influence on health are appropriately combined and designed to support adaptation of behavior.
- The word “voluntary” is significant for ethical reasons. (Educators should not force people to do what they don’t want to do )
i.e. All efforts should be done to help people make decisions and have their own choices.
- The word “designed” refers to planned, integral, intended activities rather than casual, incident, trivial experiences.
With rising criticism that traditional H.E. was too narrow, focused on individual’s lifestyle and could become “victim blaming”, more work was done about wider issues e.g. social policy, environmental safety measures
==> EMERGENCE of HEALTH PROMOTION
Health Promotion
“Is any combination of educational, organizational, economic and environmental support for behaviors and conditions of living conducive to health.”
Health Promotion is a widely used term to encompass various activities e.g. :
- Behavior & lifestyle,
- Preventive health services,
- Health protection directed at environment,
- Health related public policy,
- Economic & regulatory measures.
10 Key Action Areas for Health Promotion
(Ottawa Charter and Jakarta Declaration)
- Build healthy public policy
- Create supportive environments
- Strengthen community action
- Develop personal skills
- Reorient health services towards primary health care
- Promote social responsibility for health
- Increase investment for health development to address social inequalities leading to poor health
- Consolidate and expand partnerships for health
- Strengthen communities and increase community capacity to empower the individual
- Secure an infrastructure for health promotion
Health Promotion Means Changing Behavior at Multiple Levels
A. Individual: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, personality
B. Interpersonal: family, friends, peers
C. Community: social networks, standards, norms
D. Institutional: rules, policies, informal structures
E. Public Policy: local policies related to healthy practices
Source: Adapted from National Cancer Institute, Theory at a Glance: A Guide for Health Promotion (2003), available online at http://cancer.gov.
Stages of Change Model
Health Promotion Tools
- Mass media
- Social marketing
- Community mobilization
- Health education
- Client-provider interactions
- Policy communication
Source: Robert Hornik and Emile McAnany, “Mass Media and Fertility Change,” in Diffusion Processes and Fertility Transition: Selected Perspectives, ed. John Casterline (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2001): 208-39.
AIMS OF HEALTH EDUCATION:
- To develop a sense of responsibility for health conditions, as individuals, as members of families & communities. (Promotion,prevention of disease & early diagnosis and management ).
- To promote and wisely use the available health services.
- To be part of all education, and to continue throughout whole span of life.
Process of health education:
- Dissemination of scientific knowledge (about how to promote and maintain health), leads to changes in KAP related to such changes.
New ideas and practices
- Awareness
- Interest
- Evaluation
- Trial
- Adoption
Steps for adopting new ideas & practices :
AWARENESS (Know about new ideas)
INTEREST (Seeks more details )
EVALUATION (Advantages versus disadvantages + testing usefulness )
TRIAL (Decision put into practice)
ADOPTION (person feels new idea is good and adopts it)
Practice of health education
Individual and family
Education to general public :
- T.V
- Radio
- Press
- Films
- Health magazine
- Posters
- Health exhibition
- Health museum
Mass media is less effective in changing human behavior
Group health education
- Lectures
- Film and charts
- Group discussion
- Panel discussion
- Symposium Workshop
- Role playing
- Demonstration
- Programmed instruction
- Stimulation and exercise
CONTENTS OF HEALTH EDUCATION:
- Nutrition
- Health habits
- Personal hygiene
- Safety rules
- Basic (K) of disease & preventive measures
- Mental health Proper use of health services
- Sex education Special education for groups( fd handlers, occupations, mothers, school health etc. )
- Principles of healthy life style e.g. sleep, exercise
Principles of health education:
- Interest
- Participation
- Motivation
- Comprehension
- Proceeding from the known to the unknown
- Reinforcement through repetition
- Good human relations
- People -> knowledgeable, facts -> attractive and media -> acceptable
Principles
- Interest
- Participation Known to unknown
- Comprehension
- Reinforcement
- Motivation
- Learning by doing
- Soil, seed
- Good human relation
- Leaders
Principles of health education:
Learning by doing:“ If I hear, I forget. If I see, I remember. If I do, I know”.
Motivation, i.e. awakening the desire to know and learn:
- Primary motives, e.g. inborn desires, hunger, sex.
- Secondary motives, i.e. desires created by incentives such as praise, love, recognition, competition.
Communication
- Communicator
- Message
- Audience
- Channels of communication
Communication barriers
- Physiological : Difficulties in hearing, expression
- Psychological : Emotional disturbance
- Environmental : Noise, invisibility
- Cultural : Knowledge, custom, believe, religion
Evaluation of health education programs:
There should be continuous evaluation.
- Evaluation should not be left to the end but should be done from time to time for purpose of making modifications to achieve better results.
EVALUATION CYCLE:
HP and Health Education
http://phpartners.org/hpro.html
Objectives: You students will be capable
- To differentiate between health education and health promotion
- To understand the role of health promotion in disease prevention
Questions?
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